I’m very pleased to feature a new post from Jill Stewart, the first of a three-part series. Jill is Associate Professor in Public Health at the University of Greenwich and has worked in housing for over 30 years. She has written previously for Municipal Dreams about the earliest environmental health practitioners before 1914 and after the First World War and on the South Oxhey Estate. This is my review of one of Jill’s books, Environmental Health and Housing: Issues for Public Health.
You can follow Jill on social media @Jill_L_Stewart and @housing-jill.bsky.social and see more of her work on her personal website, Housing, Health, Creativity.
Visiting Stonebridge Park, NW10, today, in the urban London Borough of Brent, it’s hard to imagine that its first council housing was planned on an old sewage works on open space that the North Circular Road now cuts through (see figure 1 from 1908). Some will know Stonebridge Park as being near Wembley and Harlesden, or as the area between the popular Ace Café and the astonishing Neasden Temple. Others may know it from the news and reported levels of crime. But for many, it was the place they called home for many years in a close-knit community of families and friends, each a part of its dynamic history, experiencing a range of housing conditions and tenures over a century that we are looking at in this post.
Situated near Wembley and sandwiched between Stonebridge Park and Harlesden stations, Stonebridge Park is spread across each side of the Harrow Road and Hillside. Some refer to it as Harlesden, but it is not. Once part of Middlesex County in the largely Labour controlled Willesden Borough (fig 2), Stonebridge came to comprise one of the then newly formed London Borough of Brent’s largest council housing estates, along with South Kilburn and Chalkhill, the latter in the then Borough of Wembley (1).
What is surprising now for those who know this busy urban setting is that in the late 19th century plans for the area were for it to be a setting for large villas. Indeed, some of these properties remain as reminders and a nod to this past and journey that Stonebridge Park may otherwise have taken. But that was not to be. All that remains now of these large properties is the Stonebridge Park Hotel (now The Bridge) along Hillside (Fig 3) and the Italianate inspired villa Altamira 1876 (Fig 2) that at the time of writing (spring/summer 2023) looks set for demolition (2). These heritage features added – and continue to add importance – aspects of identity to the area and many are sad to see them under threat.
Any history of housing is also a history of health, perhaps most explicitly when council housing is involved. This post develops the earlier Municipal Dreams posts of Tackling the Slums 1848-1914 and 1914-1939, but here we focus on Stonebridge Park’s council housing from just after the First World War to the present day. The Medical Officers of Health, then in local councils, worked closely with Sanitary Inspectors, later called Public Health Inspectors (now known as Environmental Health Officers or Practitioners) to address poor housing conditions. The links between housing and health were well established into council house building by the Housing and Planning Act 1919 (also known as the Addison Act), Dr Christopher Addison being the first Minister of Health and Housing.
I am going to try to tell Stonebridge Park’s unique history using archives, personal knowledge, photographs and films. There are really three phases in the history of Stonebridge Park’s council housing. First, a slightly delayed effort at Homes for Heroes (properly termed ‘a land fit for heroes to live in’) after the First World War. Next, a lag after the Second World War and into the world of substantial clearance and redevelopment and new tower blocks. Next, a new and more recent approach delivered by a Housing Action Trust and beyond that, to the Stonebridge Park that exists today. Whilst this is a local history, it will have resonance to many interested in housing history more widely.
A land fit for heroes to live in
Plans had already been afoot in 1914 to house Willesden’s working classes but there were delays and then the onset of War. They were held in abeyance until the Housing and Planning Act 1919 (the Addison Act). In 1917 the Local Government Board requested that Willesden make land available for housing and council owned land at Stonebridge was selected, using the ancient name of Brentfield. Plans were submitted to the Minister for Health in January 1919 but amended in June 1919 due to plans for the North Circular Road. Following various delays and new proposals between the Ministry and Housing Committee of the Council, plans were finally adopted in January and contracts for building signed in May 1920 (3, 4, 5, 6). See Figs 3 and 4.
The Opening Ceremony was reported in the Willesden Chronicle (5) attended by Council representatives, new families in residence and children singing and enjoying the event. Speeches referred to families having a ‘home and the centre of family life … a fair chance … free from the interference of other people’ and mentioned that ‘all tenants had their own drying ground and their own copper’. The article added: ‘the people of Willesden would feel that they had something on this historic spot that had been worth creating and worth preserving’.
These Addison houses were part of the drive for a land fit for heroes to live in after the war. The report tells us about the new housing but not what it must have meant for those who were to be housed there. Many residents in the then Borough of Willesden, in places including Kensal Green, had endured some really poor and overcrowded accommodation over a substantial period of time. For one family who were to later move to the Brentfield estate, poor housing conditions in other parts of Willesden were at least in part responsible for the loss of six of their children to disease including premature birth, debility and bronchitis.
It was cases like this that had kept the Medical Officer of Health for Willesden (MoH) very busy and much can be gleaned from their annual reports about housing and health. In the 1919 report, the MoH wrote that the staff engaged with housing work in the Health Department included one Chief Sanitary Inspector and six District Sanitary Inspectors and one Clerk, who had issued orders for repairs, voluntary closures and closing orders in the general Willesden area (7).
The municipal Stonebridge Health Centre, on the Harrow Road, was opened on 8th April 1930 by the Rt. Hon. Arthur Greenwood and was described as one of the few centres nationally to be specifically designed, built and equipped for modern health work, with a focus on maternity, child welfare and school medical work. It also offered an Artificial Sunlight Clinic and Orthopaedic Clinic (8). Arthur Greenwood had served as Labour’s Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health in 1924 and was appointed Minister of Health in 1929, later becoming Deputy Prime Minister under Clement Attlee.
Even by 1933, Willesden’s MoH (10) had singled out several roads in Stonebridge (and nearby Kensal Green) as requiring intervention. These comprised some 1036 properties housing 9297 persons: Carlyle Avenue, Milton Avenue, Shakespeare Road, Shelley Road, Shrewsbury Road, Melville Road, Winchelsea Road, Mordaunt Road, Wesley Road, Brett Road, Barry Road, Denton Road (see 10) and Hillside from Shrewsbury Road to Denton Road. The report went on say: ‘It is not easy to give an estimate of the amount of overcrowding in these areas but it is not inconsiderable, and houses would be required to be provided for persons displaced from such areas.’ (Please remember these addresses; we will come back to some of them in the 1970s, but the point to emphasise now is the immense amount of time households lived in known poor and overcrowded conditions, around 40 more years.)
It is not quite clear what happened during the 1930s but as the world moved toward war, housing at Stonebridge seemed to be on the back burner, despite the immense challenges faced.
Post-World War Two in the Borough of Willesden: housing loss and renewed progress
Both the MoH wartime and post-war reports reveal the extent to which Stonebridge suffered bombing during the Second World War (11). In 1944 the MoH referred to the ‘renewal of hostile activity and the re-evacuation of residents and their families from the area’ and the damage to the Willesden Green and Stonebridge Health Centres. Being next to Harlesden, Park Royal and so many factories including Heinz and McVities, Stonebridge Park endured substantial bombing and V2 raids. The 1948 MoH report (12) reveals that 92 homes were destroyed by bombing in Stonebridge Park, some locations are shown on the Bomb Sight map below.
The MoH report for 1949 continued to emphasise the effects of the war and poor housing conditions on the population, with ‘mixed populations with bad, almost slum property in Church End and Stonebridge …’ (13, p.6). The 1950 report (14) focused on tuberculosis, recognising the environmental conditions and overcrowding in places like Stonebridge contributing to the highest levels in the borough. By 1951 the MoH said: ‘Since the treatment of tuberculosis is very costly, not only in medical treatment but also in production and in lives, it is much more economical in the long run to spend the money on improving housing and nutrition and thus preventing the disease’ (15, p.13). As people continued to move into the area in the early 1950s, the MoH (16) reported increased overcrowding and home accidents amongst lower income households and called for better housing to conquer tuberculosis.
With the war having diverted attention from housing interventions and renewal, existing housing falling into greater disrepair and overcrowding due to the scarcity of building supplies and builders, conditions had deteriorated further. Bernard Shaw House was built around 1951 (Fig 11) but housing need remained acute. But it wasn’t just housing policy that was changing, there were far wider socio-economic challenges on the horizon. Industry was in decline and unemployment on the increase, youth culture was in ascendance, and tensions in race relations provided an emerging backdrop to what was to happen next.
References
(1) Stewart, J. and Rhoden, M. (2003) ‘A review of social housing regeneration in the London Borough of Brent’, The Journal of The Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 123 (1), pp.23-32
(2) Willesden Local History Society, Stonebridge
(3) Brent Museum and Archives, History of Stonebridge
(4) Brent Museum and Archives, Homes For Heroes – Willesden Council’s Brentfield Housing Scheme
(5) ‘Willesden’s Municipal Houses’, Willesden Chronicle No. 2302, 17 June 1921, p.6
(6) ‘Willesden Urban District Council Brentfield Housing Scheme Booklet’, by F. Wilkinson, Engineer to the Council, 11th June 1921
(7) Medical Officer of Health for Willesden Report, 1919
(8) Medical Officer of Health for Willesden Report, 1930: p.20 and 24
(9) Medical Officer of Health for Willesden Report, 1933: p.106
(10) Jill Stewart, Denton Road, Stonebridge Park, NW10 – Housing Health Creativity
(11) Medical Officer of Health for Willesden Report 1944
(12) Medical Officer of Health for Willesden Report 1948
(13) Medical Officer of Health for Willesden Report 1949
(14) Medical Officer of Health for Willesden Report 1950
(15) Medical Officer of Health for Willesden Report 1951
(16) Medical Officer of Health for Willesden Report 1952
Acknowledgements
With thanks to the National Archives (for background reading and resources not cited here), the London Metropolitan Archive, the Brent Archives, and the Wellcome Library for its online collection of Medical Officer of Health reports.
Anonymous said:
Fascinating micro-study. Thanks. When I take my wife to the Neasden Temple, I often take the opportunity to walk around the still Arcadian estate: so close to the north Circular, yet so far.
My understanding is that Conduit Way is named after the Grand Union feeder (which still can be tracked) rather than a fresh water conduit, but happy to be corrected.
Note that the scheme was occupied by artisans/ex-servicemen at rents requiring upper working class regular wages – hence presumably its political acceptability. Would be interested in the social composition of the estate today broken down between RTB’s and tenanted.
John Newton
UK EHRNet said:
Dear John,
Many thanks for your interest. The 1921 publication https://legacy.brent.gov.uk/media/16414466/brent-museum-and-archives-homes-fit-for-heroes.pdf – page 3 – refers to some road names, but not Conduit Way and I was not able to find anything specific on this street so your comments are very interesting. If you have other sources it would be great if you can share them.
There are two more posts to follow, so I hope you will find those of interest.
Best wishes, Jill
Anonymous said:
Interesting analysis, especially highlighting the important role of the MOHs in identifying existing homes for clearance and redevelopment .
The Willesden Survey 1949 ( 96 pages and 33 maps and diagrams) prepared by John Morris, the Borough Engineer and Surveyor, published in 1950 by the Corporation of Willesden highlights a significant propertion of the Borough as ‘Areas Ripe For Redevelopment’, but only includes one specific scheme of comprehensive redevelopment – South Kilburn. The 87 acre area was to be redeveloped as a self-contained neighbourhood unit having its own communal facilities. Whilst many existing properties were to be retained, the population was planned to be reduced from 6364 to 4100, leaving ‘2264 persons to be accommodated elsewhere in the Borough or to be decentralised to one of the New Towns’. There is a perspective sketch of the ‘completed’ redevelopment in the report.
I have not visited the area to see how much of the proposed South Kilburn Redevelopment Area was actually implemented.
Regards
Ian Crawley
UK EHRNet said:
Dear Ian,
Thanks for your comments and highlighting the Willesden Survey. I see that it is available at the Wellcome Collection.
Funnily enough I was in South Kilburn a few weeks back and it is currently undergoing some regeneration. Perhaps someone else can write a history of South Kilburn?
Best wishes, Jill
Anonymous said:
A really interesting post full of so many reference to things close my heart as a local historian and socialist that Iwill
Robert Howard said:
Oops. Let me start again! A really interesting post full of so many references to things close my heart as a local historian and a socialist that I will leave my comments to the parochial. I lived in Wembley 1944-1966 and got to know Stonebridge Park first, at a distance riding on 662 trolleybuses, then knocking on doors as a Young Socialist (1960-65) and I recognised the estate for what it was, thanks to my mother and step-father living in Welwyn Garden City at the time and spending my schoolday summers with relatives in Harlow New Town – which was when I realised the link between good housing and health and became a localist opposed to housing and health being split apart, by which time I was a Labour Party Birmingham City Councillor and chairing a community health council for six years, working with community groups at every opportunity, then for 21 years I was a housing association manager developing and providing homes for individual tenants in need of personal support across the Midlands. Housing and health were entwined in the days before ‘Supporting People’ arrived and set housing and health in competition with one another. For the last 44 years I have lived in Nottingham and, as a local historian, I have used a local bus route (Nottingham City Transport’s route 35) to highlight the fact it passes through a collection of garden villages, with good local health facilities and open space. And in 2014 my wife and I retired to the Beeston Fields (garden city) council estate, living in a arts and crafts house with a large garden, which next year celebrates the centenary of the first tenants moving in, which the 35 bus passes close by. And we are joined to Nottingham City Council’s Lenton Abbey (garden city) estate. Local historian Chris Matthews has written at length about the city’s council housing and its inter-war estates, which have featured in Municipal Dreams. There are others I could name, but the great thing today is that I can now read Jill Stewart. I have devoured Housing and Hope aleady, having bought the e-book and I recommend others to do the same. I am so so pleased to see MoHs getting the attention they deserve. Their demise in 1974 was on of local government’s great tragedies. Maybe Starmer will have the wisdom to bring Housing and Health together again?🐰
Anonymous said:
Dear Robert,
It’s good to hear that you lived locally and of your career and politics in housing. I agree housing and health should be linked, it seems such an obvious thing to do doesn’t it? I hope you will enjoy the next two posts,
Jill
Anonymous said:
What was needed in Stonebridge willesden/ Church road was modernisation off the the existing and original properties not build properties of poor standards, as the
60s /70s needed to quickly build properties to cater not for all the local people but for the immigrant population growth off the times. Larie pavitt Labour MP really allowed this socialist failure to start and is now unrepairable.
johnmckean said:
But there is no reference to the film by Patrick Keiller, yet to become an important independent filmmaker of the last ¼ of the 20th C (Robinson, etc) – one of his first films was of Stonebridge Park
Cheers,
John
>
Anonymous said:
Dear John,
Thanks for your comments. I did come across Keiller some months back and there are some shots of the North Circular and housing here https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=e7_bNRCWEXY
Please note that other films and stills are referred to in next week’s post,
Jill
Anonymous said:
Such an interesting read. Thank you, so glad to stumble upon it. Interesting to read about Shrewsbury Rd mentioned for attention in the 30s. My mum was born there in the 60s. My family still live in Stonebridge, in a 1920s (I think) house.
Anonymous said:
Thanks for your kind comments and glad you enjoyed it. I hope you could find some information here in the 1920s street.
Jill
Pingback: Stonebridge Park, Brent: a Century of Change. Part II: ‘Stonebridge will be ideal to live in’ – a New Utopia and the Lived Realities | Municipal Dreams
Pingback: Stonebridge Park, Brent: a Century of Change. Part III: The Situation by the late 1980s: A Housing Action Trust and Beyond | Municipal Dreams
Anonymous said:
I lived in carlye ave 1950s with my parents and my brothers and sisters off twelve, in a up stair one bedroom shared house. We moved further down the road to a four bedroom later in the early 1960s, you reference slum clearance? We moved to Wembley in the 1970s I don’t remember any slum clearance, this must have been when they built the flats and knocked them down. Many people did not have a lot in Stonebridge but never slums. Also you missed a lot off history of the Stonebridge area where many blue plaques should have been place. I had many relatives in stonebridge, willesden, I learned a lot off history from elderly old locals, brent council knock down all these history places off interest including black history.
Regards Tony.
UK EHRNet said:
Dear Tony,
Many thanks for your comments. The term ‘slum’ is widely used but personally I think it sometimes is / feels inappropriate. There was much Victorian housing that was cleared and could perhaps have been renovated and improved although much (across the country) was of really low quality. It would be great to hear more stories that you may be able to share.
Best wishes, Jill
Anonymous said:
I was born in Melville road I was only a baby when we moved to Hertfordshire. I would love to see any photos of Melville Road